Learning guide
How to Cite Sources in MLA 9
MLA 9 uses a flexible core-elements model rather than a separate rigid template for every source. The same metadata can produce different entries depending on what the source is contained in.
Method
- Identify the author and title of the source.
- Identify the container, such as a journal, book or website.
- Add volume, issue, date, publisher and location elements that apply.
- Review the final entry against the original source and assignment instructions.
Worked example
A journal article uses article title, journal container, volume, issue, date and pages.
A webpage usually uses page title, website container, publication date and URL.
Notes
- MLA 9 is the current handbook edition.
- Title capitalization and container relationships still require judgment.
- DOI metadata should always be reviewed before submission.
Continue with the related tools
This guide explains the method; use the calculator or tool pages for your own inputs and scenarios.
- APA Citation Generator — Generate APA Style 7th edition reference-list entries for journal articles, webpages, books and book chapters with DOI metadata import.
- Chicago Citation Generator — Generate Chicago Manual of Style 18th edition bibliography or author-date references for journal articles, webpages, books and chapters.
- AMA Citation Generator — Generate AMA 11 references for journal articles, webpages, books and chapters, with DOI import and PubMed/NLM journal-abbreviation checks.